![]() It is intended to implement real-world entities such as inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation in programming. Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and classes in programming. You can develop applications using an object-oriented approach. Class function (also called method) encapsulates object data so that unwarranted access to it is prevented.Python, like other general-purpose programming languages, has always been an object-oriented language since its inception. So object data is hidden from environment that is external to class. Functions of class on the other hand are accessible from outside class context. Encapsulationĭata members of class are available for processing to functions defined within the class only. An object comprises both data members (class variables and instance variables) and methods. A unique instance of a data structure that is defined by its class. An object obj that belongs to a class Circle, for example, is an instance of the class Circle. ObjectĪn individual object of a certain class. The attributes are data members (class variables and instance variables) and methods, accessed via dot notation. Object-oriented programming paradigm is characterized by the following principles − ClassĪ user-defined prototype for an object that defines a set of attributes that characterize any object of the class. Object, on the other hand, is an instance of the class. In OOP, class defines what are the attributes its object has, and how is its behavior. It serves as a blueprint for all objects having similar attributes and behavior. The most important feature of object-oriented approach is defining attributes and their functionality as a single unit called class. In real life, attributes and behavior are not independent of each other, rather they co-exist. Processing attributes associated with an object.īehavior is equivalent to function. Registration number, owner, company, brand, horsepower, speed, etc., of carĮach attribute will have a value associated with it. Invoice number, customer, product code and name, price and quantity, etc., in an invoice Name, designation, department, salary, etc., of employee Name, class, subjects, marks, etc., of student ![]() ![]() ![]() Each real-world object has attributes and behavior associated with it. Objects are not only data and not only functions, but combination of both. In the real world, we deal with and process objects, such as student, employee, invoice, car, etc. In real-life scenario where there is unambiguous association of a function with data it is expected to process. Movement of data across functions is unrestricted. It gives more importance to process and doesn't consider data of same importance and takes it for granted, thereby it moves freely through the program. Too many global data items would increase memory overhead. It uses a lot of global data items, which is undesired. Its top-down approach makes the program difficult to maintain. Prominent problems related to procedural approach are as follows − Data belonging to a function can be easily shared with other in the form of arguments, and called function can return its result back to calling function. Logic of a more complex program is broken down into smaller but independent and reusable blocks of statements called functions.Įvery function is written in such a way that it can interface with other functions in the program. Procedural Oriented ApproachĮarly programming languages developed in 50s and 60s are recognized as procedural (or procedure oriented) languages.Ī computer program describes procedure of performing certain task by writing a series of instructions in a logical order. However, here is a small introduction of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) to help you. If you do not have any previous experience with object-oriented (OO) programming, you may want to consult an introductory course on it or at least a tutorial of some sort so that you have a grasp of the basic concepts. This chapter helps you become an expert in using Python's object-oriented programming support. Due to this, creating and using classes and objects are downright easy. Python has been an object-oriented language since the time it existed.
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